Social and moral psychology of COVID-19 across 69 countries.

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all domains of human life, including the economic and social fabric of societies. One of the central strategies for managing public health throughout the pandemic has been through persuasive messaging and collective behaviour change. To help scholars better understand the social and moral psychology behind public health behaviour, we present a dataset comprising of 51,404 individuals from 69 countries. This dataset was collected for the International Collaboration on Social & Moral Psychology of COVID-19 project (ICSMP COVID-19). This social science survey invited participants around the world to complete a series of moral and psychological measures and public health attitudes about COVID-19 during an early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic (between April and June 2020). The survey included seven broad categories of questions: COVID-19 beliefs and compliance behaviours; identity and social attitudes; ideology; health and well-being; moral beliefs and motivation; personality traits; and demographic variables. We report both raw and cleaned data, along with all survey materials, data visualisations, and psychometric evaluations of key variables.

Prevalence and Associations between Anxiety, Depression, and Stress among Peruvian University Students during the covid-19 Pandemic / Prevalencia y asociaciones de ansiedad, depresión y estrés en estudiantes universitarios peruanos durante la pandemia de covid-19 / Prevalência e associações de ansiedade, depressão e estresse em estudantes universitários peruanos durante a pandemia de covid-19

The pandemic has brought about social changes, which may have affected mental health.The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of and associations between anxiety, depression, and stress among Peruvian university students during the covid-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: This was an analytical, multi-centered, cross-sectional study conducted with 2,572 university students from 16 Peruvian cities. Depression, anxiety, and stress diagnoses were obtained with the dass-21 scale (stress alpha: 0.85; anx-iety alpha: 0.84; and depression alpha: 0.87). The values were crossed with significant social and educational variables. Results: Anxiety was the most common condition (extremely severe in 4 %, severe in 3 %, and mod-erate in 10 %). Whereas stress and depression were not associated with the course of studies (p > 0.330 and p > 0.440, respectively), anxiety was lower among students pursuing health-related degrees (p = 0.011). Women showed higher levels of stress (p = 0.040) and anxiety (p = 0.017). Older participants had relatively lower stress (p = 0.002), depression (p = 0.006), and anxiety (p = 0.044) levels. Third-year students had higher depression levels than first-year students (p = 0.011). Conclusions: Significant prevalence levels and associations were identified for the three conditions, which should be monitored to determine their current status, given the possible future occurrence of panic attacks or post-traumatic stress, among other complications.

la pandemia vivida obligó a cambios sociales que pudieron influir en la salud mental. El objetivo fue determinar la prevalencia y asociaciones de ansiedad, depresión y estrés en estudiantes universitarios peruanos durante la pandemia por covid-19. Materiales y métodos: estudio transversal analítico y multicéntrico, en 2572 estudiantes universitarios de 16 ciudades de Perú. Los diagnósticos de depresión, ansiedad y estrés se obtuvieron con la escala dass-21 (alfa estrés: 0.85; alfa ansiedad: 0.84 y alfa depresión: 0.87). A estos se los cruzó con importantes variables socioeducativas. Resultados: la ansiedad fue la patología más frecuente (4 % de forma extrema severa, 3 % de forma severa y 10 % de forma mode-rada); el estrés y la depresión no tienen asociación con la carrera profesional (p > 0.330 y p > 0.440, res-pectivamente); en cambio, la ansiedad fue menor en los estudiantes de carreras de salud (p = 0.011). Las mujeres tuvieron más estrés (p = 0.040) y ansiedad (p = 0.017). A mayor edad, hubo menos estrés (p = 0.002), depresión (p = 0.006) y ansiedad (p = 0.044). Los de tercer año tuvieron más depresión en comparación con los de primer año (p = 0.011). Conclusiones: existen importantes prevalencias y asociaciones de las tres patologías evaluadas, lo que debe ser monitorizado según como están actualmente. Esto por las posibles futuras manifestaciones de crisis de pánico, estrés postraumático, entre otras.

a pandemia que estamos vivenciando forçou mudanças sociais, que podem influenciar na saúde mental. O objetivo do estudo é determinar a prevalência e associações de ansiedade, depressão e estresse em estudantes universitários peruanos durante a pandemia de covid-19. Materiais e métodos:estudo transversal analítico e multicêntrico, com 2572 estudantes universitários provenientes de 16 cidades do Peru. Os diagnósticos de depressão, ansiedade e estresse foram obtidos com a escala dass-21 (Alpha para estresse: 0,85; Alpha para ansiedade: 0,84 e Alpha para depressão: 0,87), estes foram cruza-dos com importantes variáveis socioeducativas. Resultados: a ansiedade foi a patologia mais frequente (4 % em sua forma extremamente grave, 3 % forma grave e 10 % forma moderada); estresse e depressão não foram associados à carreira profissional (p > 0,330 e p > 0,440, respectivamente); por outro lado, a ansiedade foi menor nos estudantes da carreira da saúde (p = 0,011). As mulheres apresentaram mais estresse (p = 0,040) e ansiedade (p = 0,017); quanto maior a idade houve menos estresse (p = 0,002), depressão (p = 0,006) e ansiedade (p = 0,044). Estudantes do 3º ano apresentaram mais depressão em comparação aos do 1º ano (p = 0,011). Conclusões: existem prevalências e associações importantes entre as três patologias avaliadas, que devem ser monitoradas de acordo com a forma como se encontram atualmente. Isso se deve às possíveis manifestações futuras de ataques de pânico, estresse pós-traumá-tico, entre outras complicações.

Public Health Law Modernization 2.0: Rebalancing Public Health Powers And Individual Liberty In The Age Of COVID-19.

Public health emergency powers laws in the US underwent a profound stress test during the COVID-19 pandemic. Designed with bioterrorism in mind, they struggled to meet the challenges of a multiyear pandemic. Public health legal powers in the US are both too limited, in that they don't clearly permit officials to implement measures necessary to combat epidemics, and too broad, in that their accountability mechanisms fall short of public expectations. Recently, some courts and state legislatures have cut deeply into emergency powers, jeopardizing future emergency response. Instead of this curtailment of essential powers, the states and Congress should modernize emergency powers laws to balance powers and individual rights in more productive ways. In this analysis we propose reforms including meaningful legislative checks on executive power, stronger substantive standards for executive orders, mechanisms for public and legislative input, and clearer authority to issue orders affecting groups of people.

Racial reckoning, resistance, and the revolution: A call to community psychology to move forward.

This article introduces a special issue of the American Journal of Community Psychology that features racial reckoning, resistance and the revolution in the context of a syndemic, the historical subjugation of communities of Color (COC) to racial hierarchies and the coronavirus (COVID-19). More specifically, this special issue underscores the need for community psychology and other allied disciplines to address this syndemic facing COC. The special issue delivers on the stories of the lived experiences from researchers and community members as it relates to COVID-19 and COC. Twelve articles are illuminated to challenge the field to create social change.

COVID-19 Effects on Environmentally Responsible Behavior: A Social Impact Perspective from Latin American Countries.

The aim of the research is to examine the relationships between the following variables (a) Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), composed of Attitudes (ATT), Subjective Norms (SN), and Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC); and (b) Consciousness (EC) on the dependent variable Environmentally Responsible Purchase Intention (ERPI) from the perspective of the Latin American consumer in a pandemic. Currently, the literature on the relationships proposed in the explanatory model is still scarce at a theoretical and practical level, without empirical evidence in Latin America. The data collection is from 1624 voluntary responses from consumers in Chile (n = 400), Colombia (n = 421), Mexico (n = 401), and Peru (n = 402) collected through online surveys. Using structural equation modeling (SEM) and multi-group to test invariance analysis and the moderating effects, we can determine the relationship between the variables in the proposed model, generating evidence from Latin American countries. The empirical analysis verified that Attitude (ATT), Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC), and Environmental Consciousness (CE) have a positive and significant effect on Environmentally Responsible Purchase Intention (ERPI). The results also show that the generation variable presents invariance. Therefore, the groups are not different at the model level for the generation variable, becoming relevant to the difference at the path level. Therefore, the results of this study become a relevant contribution, indicating a moderating effect on the generation variable. This research provides insights for understanding Latin American consumers, and managerial implications are also provided for developing strategies to promote sustainable consumption.

The primary care COVID-19 integrated pathway: a quantitative study of rapid response to health and social impacts of COVID-19.

Context: The first wave of COVID-19 in Calgary, Alberta health zone accelerated Primary Care (PC) integration. Specifically, it connected Family Physicians (FPs) with their counterparts in the broader health system to deliver wraparound patient care through a COVID-19 Integrated Pathway (CIP). A key element of the CIP included a data sharing platform that facilitated the provision of test results directly to the FP identified by patients. Public Health provided test results for all patients to the primary care system so they could be followed up by primary care to improve their outcomes. Objectives: To evaluate the CIP by describing its function and capacity to facilitate FP follow-up with COVID positive patients; and to inform refinement of the CIP for future use. Study Design: This abstract reports on the quantitative arm of a mixed methods study. Setting/Dataset: The Calgary Health Zone. Primary data were drawn from the Calgary COVID-19 Care Clinic (C4), a designated hub clinic for COVID-19 patients. Secondary data were drawn from provincially maintained records of hospitalization, emergency department visits, and FP claims. Participants: FPs and COVID-19 patients. Intervention: The data platform and PC attachment elements of the CIP. Outcome Measures: The characteristics of patients cared for via the CIP (age, sex, ethnicity, and risk-level); the proportion of patients without a FP who were attached to an FP; the number of patients followed by their FP in the community, and the number of specialist consultations made by FPs to support care, time from diagnosis to follow-up with PC/FP; ED and acute care utilization. Results: Between Apr. 16 and Sep. 27, 2020, 7706 patients were referred by the Public Health team to the C4 clinic. Of those, 51.4% were male, the median age was 36 y., and 86 deaths were reported. The majority of patients were referred to local PC networks where follow-up was conducted using the CIP: 3223 (43%) already had their own FP, 2448 (32%) were successfully attached to an FP, and 1899 (25%) of these patients were monitored by C4 physicians - these patients either did not have FP or their FP was not available to follow the patient. 8.6% of these patients visited ED and 3.1% were hospitalized. More than 80% of these patients had at least of 5 visits with their FP. Conclusion: Data suggest that the CIP facilitated primary care based management of patients with COVID-19.

Information and Communication Technologies in the Psychoanalytic Clinic: Challenges / Tecnologias de informação e comunicação na clínica psicanalítica: desafios / Tecnologías de información y comunicación en la clínica psicoanalítica: desafíos

O progresso tecnológico modificou as formas de inte-ração entre os indivíduos. A psicanálise, enquanto método de investigação de processos mentais, resguarda pressupostos teóricos e técnicos, ao mesmo tempo que considera as mudanças sociais de cada época. O presente estudo visou investigar as possíveis implicações do uso de mídias digitais, tais como celulares e aplicativos co-mo WhatsApp e Skype, na relação transferencial entre paciente e psicanalista. Assim, o objetivo foi verificar como as tecnologias de informação e comunicação são percebidas e utilizadas por profissionais, no contexto da clínica psicanalítica pré-pandemia da covid-19. A pes-quisa foi realizada com a utilização do método clínico-qualitativo e os dados foram examinados a partir da técnica de análise de conteúdo. Participaram oito psicana-listas brasileiros, os quais foram entrevistados a partir de um roteiro semidirigido, no período de 2018 a 2019. Os resultados apontaram que as tecnologias adentraram os consultórios, tornando-se parte do trabalho analítico. Os profissionais entrevistados manifestaram oposições frente aos novos dispositivos no exercício da clínica psicanalítica, ressaltando diferenças entre contatos pre-senciais e virtuais. Porém, consideraram que a relação transferencial, fundamental para o trabalho psicanalítico, mantém-se independentemente de o setting ser presencial ou digital. Finalmente, verificou-se certa flexibilização no uso de tecnologias de informação e comunicação com os pacientes em situações emergenciais, possibilitando refletir, inclusive, sobre o impacto da pandemia no mo-do de praticar o atendimento na clínica psicanalítica.

Technological progress has modified the interactions between individuals. Psychoanalysis, as a method of investigating mental processes, safeguards theoreti-cal and technical assumptions while considering the social changes of each era. The present study aimed to investigate the possible implications of the use of digital media, such as cellphones and apps, such as WhatsApp and Skype, in the transference relation between patient and psychoanalyst. Thus, the objective was to investigate how information and communication technologies are perceived and used by professionals in the context of the psychoanalytic clinic previous to the covid-19 pandemic. The research was conducted using the clinical-qualitative method. The data were analyzed using the content analysis technique. Eight Brazilian psychoanalysts participated, who were in-terviewed based on a semi-directed script from 2018 to 2019. The results showed that technologies entered the clinics, becoming part of the analytical work. The interviewed professionals expressed opposition to the new devices in the practice of the psychoanalytic clin-ic, highlighting differences between face-to-face and virtual contacts. However, they considered that the transferential relation, fundamental for psychoanalytic work, remains regardless of whether the setting is face-to-face or digital. Finally, there was a certain flexibility in the use of information and communication technol-ogies with patients in emergency situations, enabling the reflection on the impact of the pandemic on how attendance is practiced in the psychoanalytic clinic.

El progreso tecnológico modificó las formas de interacción entre los individuos. El psicoanálisis, como método de investigación de los procesos mentales, protege supuestos teóricos y técnicosal mismo tiempo que considera los cambios sociales de cada época. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar las posibles implicaciones del uso de medios digitales, como teléfonos celulares y aplicaciones como WhatsApp y Skype, en la relación transferencial entre paciente y psicoanalista. Así, el objetivo fue investigar cómo las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación son percibidas y utilizadas por los profesionales, en el contexto de la clínica psicoanalítica pre pandemia covid-19. La investigación se llevó a cabo utilizando el método clínico-cualitativo y los datos fueron analizados mediante la técnica de análisis de contenido. Participaron ocho psicoanalistas brasileños, que fueron entrevistados a partir de un guion semidirigido, del 2018 a 2019. Los resultados mostraron que las tecnologías entraron en los consultorios, convirtiéndose en parte del trabajo analítico. Los profesionales entrevistados expresaron oposición a los nuevos dispositivos en la práctica de la clínica psicoanalítica, destacando diferencias entre los contactos presenciales y virtuales. Sin embargo, consideraron que la relación transferencial, fundamental para el trabajo psicoanalítico, se mantiene independientemente de que el setting sea presencial o digital. Finalmente, hubo cierta flexibilidad en el uso de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación con pacientes en situaciones de emergencia, lo que permitió reflexionar, incluso, sobre el impacto de la pandemia en la forma de practicar la asistencia en la clínica psicoanalítica.

The impact of social distancing due to COVID-19 on adults' and older adults' exercise / O impacto do distanciamento social devido à COVID-19 nos exercícios de adultos e idosos / El impacto del alejamiento social por la COVID-19 para los ejercicios en adultos y mayores

Objective: The objective of this paper is to describe and compare the frequency, duration, and intensity of physical exercise performed by the participants, as well the types of exercise, in three different periods: 2019 (1), January and February 2020 (2), and during the social distancing period (SDP) due to the COVID-19 pandemic (3). Methods: This is a mixed-methods (retrospective/cross-sectional) study of a population of adults and older adults from a public recreation center in Porto Alegre, Brazil. The participants were invited to take a survey on Google Forms addressing the characteristics of the physical exercises performed in the periods covered in this research. The questionnaire remained available throughout October 2020. Results: The sample comprised 194 participants (63.49±14.14 years; 93.2% were women). During period 1, the most performed exercises were strength/aerobic exercises twice a week for 46 minutes to 1 hour per session at intensity 6. During period 2, walking was the most reported exercise performed three times a week for 31 to 45minutes per session at intensity 7. During period 3, strength/aerobic exercises were the most frequent, being performed three times a week for 31 to 45minutes per session at intensity 5. Conclusion: When compared to the first period, a significant decrease in in total time, intensity and duration of exercises performed by the population analyzed was observed in the other periods. Similar behavior was observed across the age ranges.

Objetivo: O objetivo deste artigo é descrever e comparar a frequência, a duração e a intensidade de exercícios físicos realizados pelos participantes, bem como os tipos de exercícios, em três períodos diferentes: em 2019 (1), janeiro e fevereiro de 2020 (2) e durante o período de distanciamento social devido à pandemia COVID-19 (3). Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo misto (retrospectivo/ transversal) com população composta por adultos e idosos de um centro recreativo público de Porto Alegre, Brasil. Os participantes convidados responderam a um questionário disponibilizado por meio dos Formulários Google, acerca das características dos exercícios físicos praticados nos períodos abrangidos por esta pesquisa. O questionário permaneceu disponível durante o mês de outubro de 2020. Resultados: Compuseram a amostra 194 participantes (63,49 ± 14,14 anos; 93,2% mulheres). No período 1 os exercícios mais praticados compuseram-se por força/aeróbica, duas vezes/semana, de 46 minutos a 1 hora/sessão, na intensidade 6. No período 2, a caminhada apresentou-se como a atividade mais citada, três vezes/ semana, de 31 a 45 min/sessão, na intensidade 7. No período 3, a aula de força/aeróbica apresentou-se como a atividade mais frequente, três vezes/semana, de 31 a 45 min/sessão, na intensidade 5. Conclusão: Quando comparado ao primeiro período, houve diminuição significativa nos demais períodos quanto ao tempo total, intensidade e duração de exercícios realizados pela população investigada, além de apresentar este mesmo comportamento entre os grupos etários.

Objetivo: El objetivo del artículo es describir y comparar la frecuencia, la duración y la intensidad de los ejercicios físicos de los participantes, así como los tipos de ejercicios en tres periodos distintos: enero de 2019, febrero de 2020 y durante el periodo de alejamiento social (PAS) por la pandemia de la COVID-19. Métodos: Estudio misto (retrospectivo/transversal) con la población deadultos y mayores de un centro de recreación público de Porto Alegre, Brazil. Los participantes han sido invitados para contestar una encuesta del Google Forms sobre las características de los ejercicios físicos practicados en los periodos del estudio. La encuesta estuvo disponible durante el mes de octubre de 2020. Resultados: El estudio tuvo 194 participantes (63,49±14,14 años; 93,2% mujeres). Durante el periodo 1 los ejercicios más realizados han sido los de fuerza/clase de aeróbic, dos veces a la semana con duración entre 46 minutos y una hora la sesión e intensidad 6. Durante el periodo 2, lo más relatado ha sido la caminata, tres veces a la semana entre 31- 45 minutos la sesión e intensidad 7. Durante el periodo 3, la clase de aeróbic y fuerza fue la más frecuente, tres veces a la semana, entre 31 y 45 minutos la sesión e intensidad 5. Conclusión: Hubo una disminución significativa en los otros periodos comparados al primero respecto al tiempo total, la intensidad y la duración de los ejercicios realizados por la población investigada además de presentar la misma conducta entre los grupos de edad

The primary care COVID-19 integrated pathway: a rapid response to health and social impacts of COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: The first wave of COVID-19 in Calgary, Alberta accelerated the integration of primary care with the province's centrally managed health system. This integration aimed to deliver wraparound in-community patient care through two interventions that combined to create the COVID-19 Integrated Pathway (CIP). The CIP's interventions were: 1) a data sharing platform that ensured COVID-19 test results were directly available to family physicians (FPs), and 2) a clinical algorithm that supported FPs in delivering in-community follow up to improve patient outcomes. We describe the CIP function and its capacity to facilitate FP follow-up with COVID-19 patients and evaluate its impact on Emergency Department (ED) visits and hospitalization. METHOD: We generated descriptive statistics by analyzing data from a Calgary Zone hub clinic called the Calgary COVID-19 Care Clinic (C4), provincially maintained records of hospitalization, ED visits, and physician claims. RESULTS: Between Apr. 16 and Sep. 27, 2020, 7289 patients were referred by the Calgary Public Health team to the C4 clinic. Of those, 48.6% were female, the median age was 37.4 y. 97% of patients had at least one visit with a healthcare professional, where follow-up was conducted using the CIP's algorithm. 5.1% of patients visited an ED and 1.9% were hospitalized within 30 days of diagnosis. 75% of patients had a median of 4 visits with their FP. DISCUSSION: Our data suggest that information exchange between Primary Care (PC) and central systems facilitates primary care-based management of patients with COVID-19 in the community and has potential to reduce acute care visits.

Prevalence and Associations between Anxiety, Depression, and Stress among Peruvian University Students during the covid-19 Pandemic / Prevalencia y asociaciones de ansiedad, depresión y estrés en estudiantes universitarios peruanos durante la pandemia de covid-19 / Prevalência e associações de ansiedade, depressão e estresse em estudantes universitários peruanos durante a pandemia de covid-19

The pandemic has brought about social changes, which may have affected mental health.The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of and associations between anxiety, depression, and stress among Peruvian university students during the covid-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: This was an analytical, multi-centered, cross-sectional study conducted with 2,572 university students from 16 Peruvian cities. Depression, anxiety, and stress diagnoses were obtained with the dass-21 scale (stress alpha: 0.85; anx-iety alpha: 0.84; and depression alpha: 0.87). The values were crossed with significant social and educational variables. Results: Anxiety was the most common condition (extremely severe in 4 %, severe in 3 %, and mod-erate in 10 %). Whereas stress and depression were not associated with the course of studies (p > 0.330 and p > 0.440, respectively), anxiety was lower among students pursuing health-related degrees (p = 0.011). Women showed higher levels of stress (p = 0.040) and anxiety (p = 0.017). Older participants had relatively lower stress (p = 0.002), depression (p = 0.006), and anxiety (p = 0.044) levels. Third-year students had higher depression levels than first-year students (p = 0.011). Conclusions: Significant prevalence levels and associations were identified for the three conditions, which should be monitored to determine their current status, given the possible future occurrence of panic attacks or post-traumatic stress, among other complications.

la pandemia vivida obligó a cambios sociales que pudieron influir en la salud mental. El objetivo fue determinar la prevalencia y asociaciones de ansiedad, depresión y estrés en estudiantes universitarios peruanos durante la pandemia por covid-19. Materiales y métodos: estudio transversal analítico y multicéntrico, en 2572 estudiantes universitarios de 16 ciudades de Perú. Los diagnósticos de depresión, ansiedad y estrés se obtuvieron con la escala dass-21 (alfa estrés: 0.85; alfa ansiedad: 0.84 y alfa depresión: 0.87). A estos se los cruzó con importantes variables socioeducativas. Resultados: la ansiedad fue la patología más frecuente (4 % de forma extrema severa, 3 % de forma severa y 10 % de forma mode-rada); el estrés y la depresión no tienen asociación con la carrera profesional (p > 0.330 y p > 0.440, res-pectivamente); en cambio, la ansiedad fue menor en los estudiantes de carreras de salud (p = 0.011). Las mujeres tuvieron más estrés (p = 0.040) y ansiedad (p = 0.017). A mayor edad, hubo menos estrés (p = 0.002), depresión (p = 0.006) y ansiedad (p = 0.044). Los de tercer año tuvieron más depresión en comparación con los de primer año (p = 0.011). Conclusiones: existen importantes prevalencias y asociaciones de las tres patologías evaluadas, lo que debe ser monitorizado según como están actualmente. Esto por las posibles futuras manifestaciones de crisis de pánico, estrés postraumático, entre otras.

a pandemia que estamos vivenciando forçou mudanças sociais, que podem influenciar na saúde mental. O objetivo do estudo é determinar a prevalência e associações de ansiedade, depressão e estresse em estudantes universitários peruanos durante a pandemia de covid-19. Materiais e métodos:estudo transversal analítico e multicêntrico, com 2572 estudantes universitários provenientes de 16 cidades do Peru. Os diagnósticos de depressão, ansiedade e estresse foram obtidos com a escala dass-21 (Alpha para estresse: 0,85; Alpha para ansiedade: 0,84 e Alpha para depressão: 0,87), estes foram cruza-dos com importantes variáveis socioeducativas. Resultados: a ansiedade foi a patologia mais frequente (4 % em sua forma extremamente grave, 3 % forma grave e 10 % forma moderada); estresse e depressão não foram associados à carreira profissional (p > 0,330 e p > 0,440, respectivamente); por outro lado, a ansiedade foi menor nos estudantes da carreira da saúde (p = 0,011). As mulheres apresentaram mais estresse (p = 0,040) e ansiedade (p = 0,017); quanto maior a idade houve menos estresse (p = 0,002), depressão (p = 0,006) e ansiedade (p = 0,044). Estudantes do 3º ano apresentaram mais depressão em comparação aos do 1º ano (p = 0,011). Conclusões: existem prevalências e associações importantes entre as três patologias avaliadas, que devem ser monitoradas de acordo com a forma como se encontram atualmente. Isso se deve às possíveis manifestações futuras de ataques de pânico, estresse pós-traumá-tico, entre outras complicações.

Political Will and the Impact Assessment of the New Crown Epidemic on Economic and Social Development and Countermeasures.

Purpose. This paper aimed to study how to analyze and study economic and social development under the new crown epidemic based on the neural network and described the BP neural network. Methodology. Economic forecasts are affected by multiple influencing factors, the relationships between these factors are complex, and it is a nonlinear system with a high degree of uncertainty. The use of traditional forecasting methods has many limitations, and neural network methods can overcome these limitations and achieve good nonlinear forecasting. Research Findings. Through the analysis and statistics of the impact of the SARS epidemic and the new crown epidemic on the economy, by 2021, the economic contribution of final consumption expenditure, total capital formation, and net exports will be 65.4%, 13.7%, and 20.9%, respectively, and the impact of the current new crown virus epidemic on the economy will be greater than that of the SARS epidemic in 2003. Research Implications. The model applied to economic forecasting based on the BP network can achieve good forecasting effect, and scientific and reasonable forecasting methods depend on the in-depth understanding of economic activities and dominance of familiarity with economic theory. Practical Implications. Through the analysis of the economy in the context of political will and the new crown epidemic, it will give more reference to more and more complex emergencies in the future.

Educational, Emotional, and Social Impact of the Emergency State of COVID-19 on Romanian University Students.

Background and Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a global impact at the social, economic, cultural, and political levels. Education is one of the areas that experienced a sudden change during the COVID-19 pandemic that affected both students and teachers worldwide. Thus, the aim of our research was to analyze the educational, emotional, and social impact of the period of the emergency state (16 March 2020-15 May 2020) imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic on Romanian university students. Materials and Methods: We conducted a questionnaire-based survey among Romanian university students at the national level. Results: Our study showed that students accepted online education only as a form of compromise in relation to the epidemiological situation. However, they were affected by the diminished contact with the university and their colleagues and the lack of a regular routine. Emotionally, the participants experienced feelings of loneliness, panic, fear, aggressiveness, and intolerance due to the lack of cultural activities, the struggle with the usual routine, and the restriction of communication and movement. Socially, the relationships with friends and university colleagues were affected; many students returned home to their parents, who supported them during the lockdown. As a general finding, our study describes a social category that felt the full effects of isolation during the emergency state but still managed to cope with the situation by mobilizing a number of specific resources: family, intellectual and cultural concerns, and faith. Conclusions: The emergency state imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic has been a special experience in the lives of Romanian students. Its dramatism was tempered well by an effective support mechanism provided by social ties, intellectual formation, and a certain religiosity. This has produced good resilience among students, but also in the communities they belong to.

COVID-19 Impact on Public Health, Environment, Human Psychology, Global Socioeconomy, and Education.

The end of the year 2019 was marked by the introduction of a third highly pathogenic coronavirus, after SARS-CoV (2003) and MERS-CoV (2012), in the human population which was officially declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020. Indeed, the pandemic of COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 19) has evolved at an unprecedented rate: after its emergence in Wuhan, the capital of the province of Hubei of the People's Republic of China, in December 2019, the total number of confirmed cases did not cease growing very quickly in the world. In this manuscript, we have provided an overview of the impact of COVID-19 on health, and we have proposed different nutrients suitable for infected patients to boost their immune systems. On the other hand, we have described the advantages and disadvantages of COVID-19 on the environment including the quality of water, air, waste management, and energy consumption, as well as the impact of this pandemic on human psychology, the educational system, and the global economy. In addition, we have tried to come up with some solutions to counter the negative repercussions of the pandemic.

[Mental distress during the COVID-19 pandemic among mothers of young children and the related factors: A focus on their difficulties in raising their child, concerns about their child's development, social support, and capacity to receive support].

Objectives　We examined the relationships between the development of severe mental distress among mothers of young children during COVID-19 and the related factors including difficulties in raising child, concerns about child's development, social support, and capacity to receive support using comparable pre-COVID-19 baseline data. Severe mental distress was defined by a score of K6≧10 on the Psychological Distress Scale.Methods　We conducted a baseline survey in February 2020 and obtained responses from 4,700 mothers of young children. A follow-up survey was conducted in June 2020. We obtained responses from 2,489 participants of the original group. The K6 scores (four groups) of two surveys were compared. Thereafter, 521 participants who had severe mental distress at the baseline were excluded, and 1,968 participants were included in the Poisson regression analysis. We adjusted for maternal age, education, marital and employment status, household income, children's age, number of children, and changes during COVID-19 pandemic. The adjusted incident rate ratios (IRRs) were estimated using K6≧10 at follow-up as the dependent variable, and the independent variables were having difficulty in raising a child, concerns about child's development, social support, and capacity to receive support.Results　At the baseline, 20.9% of mothers had severe mental distress. At follow-up, this value increased significantly to 25.3%. Mothers who developed severe mental distress by the time of the follow-up survey were 333 (16.9%), and they were more likely to have had difficulty in raising their child, concerns about child's development, lower levels of positive attitudes toward receiving support (capacity to receive support), and lower levels of social support.Conclusions　The mental health of mothers caring for young children worsened during the COVID-19 outbreak. Factors related to the development of severe mental distress included having difficulty in raising a child, concerns about child's development, and lower levels of positive attitudes toward receiving support (capacity to receive support) and lower levels of social support. Providing parenting support, consultation and rehabilitation, and exploring approaches to enhance capacity for receiving support are required.